Class#1

Class Description
Overview:
1. Meaning & Origin, Meaning of Right, Fundamental Rights vs other rights, Borrowed from US Bill of Rights,
Called Magna Carta of India.
2. Location in Constitution, Part III of Constitution, Articles 12–35.
3. Objectives of Fundamental Rights, Restrict arbitrary power of State, Protect individual liberty, Empower citizens, Ensure constitutionalism.
4. Types / Themes of Fundamental Rights, Present (6 Themes):
Right to Equality (Art. 14–18)
Right to Freedom (Art. 19–22)
Right against Exploitation (Art. 23–24)
Right to Freedom of Religion (Art. 25–28)
Cultural & Educational Rights (Art. 29–30)
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32)
Removed Theme:
Right to Property, Removed by 44th CAA, 1978, 
Now Art. 300A (constitutional right)
5. Article 32, Heart & Soul of Constitution (Ambedkar), 
Direct access to Supreme Court, Enforcement of FRs,
Writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto.
6. Fundamental vs Constitutional vs Legal Rights
Fundamental Rights: Part III only, Direct SC approach (Art. 32), Constitutional Rights: Outside Part III (e.g. Art. 300A, Art. 326), SC only by appeal
Legal Rights: Given by laws (e.g. Consumer Act, MGNREGA), SC only by appeal
7. Who Can Enjoy Fundamental Rights, Mostly Citizens, Some available to Persons (includes aliens & legal persons),
Citizen-only rights: Art. 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
8. Features of Fundamental Rights, Against State, Some against Private individuals, Not absolute → subject to reasonable restrictions, Negative rights (restrict State), Some Positive rights (e.g. Art. 21A), Justiciable, Amendable (Art. 368), Limited by Basic Structure Doctrine Can be suspended during National Emergency Art. 358 & 359
9. Positive vs Negative Rights, Negative: Equality, Freedom (State restraint), Positive: Right to Education (Art. 21A)
10. Emergency & Fundamental Rights, Suspension only during National Emergency, Not all rights suspended, 
Subject to constitutional limits.